Effects
of Western Exposure to Southeast Asian College Students
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>’ use of Formal English and English Slang
I. Abstract
language has been has been primarily attributed to the requirement of higher
education in Southeast Asia to acquire a universal language in order to
understand and to be understood in the international setting.
will be an impetus for the researcher to incorporate the group slang used by
the students into a translation dictionary. Moreover, The capability of using
English as a language is thus gauged providing a concrete research on the
efficacy of college students in
The study will also use the descriptive approach using questionnaires as tools
of data gathering. These shall be given to college students in China, Japan and
Philippines.
II. Introduction
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
English is considered as a universal language in
contemporary times. In order to excel in the corporate and industrial world, a
firm grasp of the language is required, especially from college students.
Nevertheless, in countries where English isn’t the first language, there is a
degree of difficulty in the acquisition of such language skills. Moreover, it
is given a unique typology of the language as reflected from the accent patterned
from the speaking styles of individual nations. Moreover, culture also becomes
a significant factor in the use of the English language, particularly with its
utilization of slang. Exposure to the culture of the western part of the globe
through mass media and direct immersion on the nation dictates the level of
competency of the learner in the acquisition of language. Discussions of
"culture" and "learning styles" are essential to
understanding how people learn. Shade (1993) elaborates on Madhere's (1989)
definition of culture by defining it as "a group's preferred way of
perceiving, judging, and organizing the ideas, situations and events they
encounter in their daily lives" (p. 9). She further explains that cultures
may maintain specific religious orientation, language, or style of
communication and may have preferences for expressive methods of their
perceptions of the world. Guidelines used by individuals to select information
to which they attend and to interpret given information are also determined by
culture. It is only natural to assume that culture would affect how children
learn.
Research proponents in the area of individual
differences are now looking at the manner in which children learn (Cohen, 1969;
Shade, 1993). Learning style, as defined by the National Task Force of Learning
Style and Brain Behavior (cited in Bennett, 1990) defines the construct as a
consistent pattern of behavior and performance by which an individual
approaches educational experiences. It is the composite of characteristic
cognitive, affective, and physiological behaviors that serve as relatively
stable indicators of how a learner perceives, interacts with, and responds to
the learning environment. It is formed in a deep structure of neural
organization and personality which molds and is molded by human development and
the cultural experiences of home, school, and society. (p. 94) There is an
existing, albeit not wholly understood relationship between learning styles and
culture (Bennett, 1986; Castaneda & Gray, 1974; Hernandez, 1989). The
concept of culture envelopes the values, customs, beliefs, communication
patterns, and aesthetic standards which have been passed from one generation to
the next (Parillo, 1990). These particular dimensions serve as a cohesive cultural
force, which, in turn, help to define the behavior of a society (Parillo,
1990).
(1988) contends that as the cultures of ethnically distinct communities vary,
so do the differences in their learning styles.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Relevance of the Research
The study involves the analysis of the effects of
exposure to western culture in the use of formal usage as well as English slang
of students. In this study, it the researcher will be able to discern the
English slang adopted by the individual countries involved in this study. Thus,
this will be an impetus for the researcher to incorporate the group slang used
by the students into a translation dictionary.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Furthermore, the study will also
determine the relationship of culture in the use of English as a language as well
as a colloquial lingo. It is thus in this medium that research on the ability
of using both formal and colloquial methods of the individual countries
involved will be taken into account. The capability of using English as a
language is thus gauged providing a concrete research on the efficacy of
college students in
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Study problem
The acquisition and learning of language
has been has been primarily attributed to the requirement of higher education
in Southeast Asia to acquire a universal language in order to understand and to
be understood in the international setting. The acquisition of English as
second language could thus be varied as well considering the differing speech
patterns in Southeast Asia . Nevertheless, all
of these educational institutions teach universal principles of formal usage of
English. The level of knowledge on these principles is thus considerably
satisfactory, especially for those who are currently acquiring their degrees in
college. Moreover, college students have a certain degree of individualism and
independence in their acquisition of knowledge. This independence also places
them in a vulnerable spot in the acquisition of culture aside from their own.
These students readily acquire language not only for academic purposes but also
for social rationales as well.
III. Literature Review
Language
is a system of conventions developed by group members to communicate among
themselves. The Roman alphabet is one such convention. Though the Roman
alphabet was adopted for the written expression of the English language, it has
always been inadequate for representing each sound of English (especially
Modern English) with clear, one-to-one sound/symbol correspondences (Pyles,
1993, p25). English is full of exceptions and examples of a letter representing
different sounds when combined with other letters. The digraphs (ch, ck, ph,
sh, th, wh, and qu) are just a few of these. The x, of course, represents two
sounds -- the sounds of the k and the s -- together. And the vowels of English
are the worst for people who find spelling difficult. English is, in fact, now
a world language. American and British English are only two variations of the
language although these two national varieties have the largest numbers of speakers
and greatest worldwide impact.
Second
language acquisition is the phrase used to describe the process that people go
through when confronted by a need to use a language other than their native one
for communication. People acquire their first and second languages differently.
Some of the issues and processes involved in language acquisition include the
idea of innateness, the relevance of the language input the language learner
receives, and the nature of early developmental grammars (O'Grady, 1989).
children depends upon the linguistic experiences of childhood and the language
and language structures that children encounter. Therefore, the burden of
language exposure falls upon children's parents and caretakers. A common
approach among the caretakers of children is to "dumb-down" the
language used or to speak "baby-talk" with the language learners.
Some research suggests that this altering of normal speech leave learners with
an "impoverished stimulus" and may actually interfere with or delay
the learners' language acquisition.
As
they acquire their first learned language, individuals are subjected to a
colloquial use of their local language, which is commonly referred to as slang.
Slang is a nonstandard vocabulary belonging to a particular culture or
subculture. It consists of raw and unrefined expressions, many of which are
considered taboo, vulgar, and derogatory. In fact, slang terms are more
commonly used than standard words when referring to sexual attraction, acts,
and relationships (Flexner, 1975). Despite the large number of slang
expressions that the average individual knows, and the frequency with which
slang expressions are used, the knowledge and use of slang has received little
empirical attention. The neglect of slang as a topic for research may be the
result of several factors, such as the belief that slang use changes rapidly or
that slang is not "standard" language. However, research concerning
the knowledge and use of slang is important.
Spack
(1997) finds that the educational background that students received in
independently even in the areas of their greatest interest in the
Asian students have little experience as independent, creative learners. They
receive instructions and memorize them; they take in information and give it
back. On the other hand, American instruction often asks students to discover
how they can use information to their benefit. American students expect that instruction
will serve their personal goal, rather than their serving the educational
system. They are encouraged to ask questions in class, whereas Asian students
consider individual questions self-centered and a waste of the other students'
time. These different expectations for common classroom activities complicate
Asians' adaptation to the American classroom.
Freire
and Macedo (1987) state that "literacy and education in general are
cultural expressions" (51). Asian students receive their education very differently
from most students in the
States
emphasizes uniformity. Students are not encouraged or expected to question
information being presented. Yang's experiences did not encourage her to
express her ideas, especially if they differed from the lecturer's. Her
attitudes toward books and class instruction were expected to be positive. Her
purpose for reading was to find the correct answers. She explains this
perspective, "Asian people like to trace history back to hundreds and
thousands of years ago. American people don't, and they don't have that long
history to trace to. So American people are very creative and exploratory.
Asian people comply with rules and history." According to Asian culture,
books and teachings should not be questioned. Asian people respect knowledge,
knowledgeable persons, and teachers and value education highly. They do not
challenge their ancestors' perspectives.
IV. Objectives
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Questions
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
study intends to investigate the effects of western exposure to Southeast Asian
College students’
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
use of formal English and English slang. Specifically the study intends to answer
the following questions:
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial'>1.
What are the nature, effects and usage
of local slang in the acquisition of English as a second language?
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial'>2.
What are the characteristics of a
college student in the three respondent countries?
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial'>3.
What is the relationship of western
exposure to the use of the English language?
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial'>4.
What nation effectively learns the
language with consideration of the local slang?
What are the conglomerate of slang used
in
How significant western exposure is to
the acquisition of English as a second language?
The study intends to test the following null hypothesis:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“Exposure to western
culture of Southeast Asian college students significantly affects their use of
formal English and English slang.”
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>A
foreign accent is marked by differences not only in phonology, but also in
timing, rhythm, stress and intonation patterns (Flege, 1995). A number of
researchers have studied the factors that affect ESL students' study in
American school settings. Studies by Fu (1995), Johnson (1982), and Spack
(1997) shed light on ESL students' situations and the causes of their
difficulties in graduate study. They found that ESL students often have
difficulty in their academic subjects because of (a) the influence of cultural
and personal prior knowledge, (b) the processes of education that students
learned from their native schools, and (c) their linguistic characteristics.
V. Research
Methods
1. Study
Design
Research requires an organized data
gathering in order to pinpoint the research philosophies and theories that will
be included in the research, the methodology of the research and the
instruments of data interpretation. In this study, the Research Process
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>“
EN-GB'>Onion” will be utilized so that the
findings of the study can be thoroughly established. The inner part of the
onion describes the methodology portion whereas the outer part discusses the
strategies that can be utilized in interpreting the results of the findings.
The descriptive research method
uses observation and surveys. In this method, it is possible that the study
would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses.
Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and
especially infer causations. Thus, this study will use the descriptive
approach. This descriptive type of
research will utilize observations in the study.
research, Creswell (1994) will guide the researcher when he stated: Descriptive
method of research is to gather information about the present existing
condition. The purpose of employing this
method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of
the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher
opted to use this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to
obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and
sound conclusions and recommendations for the study.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2. Subjects / respondents
inclusion
/ exclusion
A
greater understanding of the effect of local slang in the use of English among
Asians is a fundamental thrust of this paper. The study shall be acquiring
information from professors and instructors of language. Moreover, the study
will only be limited to the use of local slang in three countries,
and
Similarly, only those educational institutions that operate in the said
countries shall be considered in the survey. This way the findings as well as
the conclusion of this research could be considered as competent to formulate
recommendations for the language acquisition of Non-English speaking
The
study intends to investigate the effect of local slang in the use of English
among college students of
study, primary research and secondary research will be used. Primary research
will be conducted using anonymous questionnaires that will be sent to selected
professors and instructors in
questionnaires will be used to collect quantitative data and the interviews
will be used to provide qualitative insights into the data collected.
The
data will be analyzed and compiled for the correlation of the hypothesis. The
data will then be presented by means of graphical representations and
illustration and the difference would be highlighted. A negative correlation
between the variables would suggest that the hypothesis is null, that is,
Exposure to western culture of Southeast Asian college students significantly
affects their use of formal English and English slang.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sampling
The study will employ a combination of cluster and
random sampling in order to collect all the data needed in the study. The
population will include college students in
numbering thirty (30) per country.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Recruitment plans
The study will be sending correspondence to specific
English acquisition classes through individual instructors in the said
countries. Correspondence among the instructors will be through electronic mail
while constant follow-ups regarding the result of the survey shall be
undertaken.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Methods of study groups
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>The research described in this
document is partly based on quantitative research
methods. This permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering
the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing
analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as
they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research
from the original research plan.
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>This study also employs
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>qualitative
research method, since this research intends to find and build theories that
would explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through
qualitative elements in research. These qualitative elements does not have
standard measures, rather they are behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
Furthermore,
as we define the qualitative research it is multimethod in focus, involving an
interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that
qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to
them. Accordingly, qualitative researchers deploy a wide range of
interconnected methods, hoping always to get a better fix on the subject matter
at hand.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3. Data collection
-
"Times New Roman"'>The researcher shall use a combination of cluster and random
sampling. First, a self-administered questionnaire, containing 18 to 20
questions and to be filled out by the students with information regarding their
slang use shall be formulated. Ideally, the respondents will grade each
statement in the survey-questionnaire using a Likert scale, with a
five-response scale wherein respondents will be given five response choices.
The equivalent weights for the answers will be:
Agree
0.00 – 1.49 Strongly
Disagree
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>For validation purposes, the
researcher will initially submit a sample of the set of survey questionnaires
and after approval; the survey will be conducted to five respondents.
researcher will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary
corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument.
of the interview questions to find out the reliability of the instrument.
questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the
respondents, to much simpler terms.
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Procedures
The researcher will exclude the
five respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the
instrument. The researcher will also
tally, score and tabulate all the responses in the provided interview
questions. Moreover, the interview shall be using a structured interview. It
shall consist of a list of specific questions and the interviewer does not
deviate from the list or inject any extra remarks into the interview process.
The interviewer may encourage the interviewee to clarify vague statements or to
further elaborate on brief comments. Otherwise, the interviewer attempts to be
objective and tries not to influence the interviewer's statements. The
interviewer does not share his/her own beliefs and opinions. The structured
interview is mostly a "question and answer" session.
"Times New Roman"'>5. Statistical considerations
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sample size
The respondents shall compose of college students in
the countries of
every country, totaling ninety (90) respondents.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Data analysis
font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>When all the survey questionnaire will have been
collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyse all the data.
The statistical formulae to be used in the
survey questionnaire will be the following:
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB'>1.
Percentage – to
determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire.
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> n
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>% = -------- x 100
– number of responses
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> N N
– total number of respondents
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB'>2.
Weighted Mean
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> f1x1 + f2x2
+ f5x5
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>x =
---------------------------------------------
;
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> xt
where: f
– weight given to each response
x
– number of responses
xt
– total number of responses
font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>The researcher will be assisted by the SPSS in coming
up with the statistical analysis for this study.style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
VI. Expected Output
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
dissertation shall be divided into five chapters in order to provide clarity
and coherence on the discussion of the effects of the exposure of Western
culture to the use of the people of
The first part of the dissertation will be discussing the problem uncovered by
the researcher and provide ample background on the topic. The chapter shall
constitute an introduction to the whole dissertation, the hypothesis, and the
statement of the problem in order to present the basis of the study. Moreover,
the chapter shall also have a discussion on the scope of its study as well as
the significance of the study to society in general and specific effects on the
use of English by Asians.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
second chapter shall be discussing the relevance of the study in the existing
literature. It shall provide studies on Western and Asian methods of using
English as well as those concerned with language acquisition. After the
presentation of the existing related literature, the researcher shall provide a
synthesis of the whole chapter in relation to the study.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
third part of the study shall be discussing the methods and procedures used in
the study. The chapter shall comprise of the presentation of the utilized
techniques for data collection and research methodology. Similarly, it shall
also contain a discussion on the used techniques in data analysis as well as
the tools used to acquire the said data.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
fourth chapter shall be an analysis on the tabulated data. After the said
tabulation, the data are statistically treated in order to uncover the
relationship of the variable involved in the study. With the said data, the
chapter seeks to address the statement of the problem noted in the first
chapter.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The
last chapter shall comprise of three sections, the summary of the findings, the
conclusions of the study, and the recommendations. With the three portions, the
chapter shall be able to address the verification of the hypothesis stated in
the initial chapters of the study.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Another
output expected from this study is a dictionary of slang that is used by the
respective countries involved in this study.
"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Project time plan
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MONTH
1st
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
2nd
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
3rd
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
4th
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5th
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6th
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7th
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8th
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9th
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Select topic
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Undertake preliminary literature
search
- Define research questions
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> - Write-up aims and objectives
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Select appropriate methodology and
locate sources of information. Confirm access.
Write-up
Dissertation Plan
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Undertake and write-up draft critical
literature review.
Secondary
and Primary Data Detailed
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
- Sources
- Consulted
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Research
Findings:
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
- Analyzed
- Evaluated
- Written-up
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Discussion:
- Research findings evaluated and
discussed in relation to the literature review
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Methodology
written-up
(including limitations and
constraints)
Main
body of the report written-up and checked for logical
structure
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Conclusions
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
drawn
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Recommendations
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
made
Introduction and Executive Summary
written-up
Final format and indexing
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
Print
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acquisition of academic literacy in a second language. Written Communication
14(1): 3-62.
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