The concept of nationalism
and national identity
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Nationalism
and themes on identity give rise to issues of crucial theoretical and practical
importance in the social sciences and the humanities. The first intention of my
thesis is to explore and contribute in the field of nationalism and national
identity (focusing on modern
Theorists argue that some identities like nationality are no longer relevant;
instead multiple narratives and new identities are emerging (bauman, 1996 in
hall and gay: questions of cultural identity.
Even with the changes that are happening in our multi-faced society, the
mutual interdependence of groups all over the world, the education and access
to technology and scientific invention and growth, all these will not reduce the
tendency towards protection and autonomous development of a group’s unique
identity. Of course, there will be the analogous transformation – under various
circumstances - that leads to new-nationalism and a changed-national identity.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Secondly, my aim is to
explore these concepts within or throughout the three main perceptions, which
include cultural, psychological and political; and to establish their
interconnection.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>I will explore
the transformed continuation of the nation. By this, I mean that nation could
not be created ex nihilo; there must have been some elements before a nation
can be created. Nations could be regarded to a certain extent, as the building
blocks of humanity, which find their place in the oppositions between empires
and states, tradition and modernity, individual and collective identity.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>This study will attempt
to look at the social exercise of nationalism, as an ideology through the
avenues - as I have already mentioned - of culture, psychology and politics.
The role of myths and intellectual influences of nationalism will also be
mentioned but not deeply discussed.
My choice to write about these issues is based on my belief that the
identity of a nation, itself, was never in question. All that was in question
was the content of its ideology and how it could be incorporated into the
system of state, especially in our multi-cultural society. Therefore, to lead
into the conclusion that in order to have a successful international-global
society we have to respect the national one.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>For the purpose of my
assessment, I will attempt to give a kind of classification of the main
concepts that I will use such as nation, nation-state, nationalism, and
national identity.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The concept of nation
comes from a people with a common culture, race and beliefs. It is perhaps more
difficult to define exactly, what is a nation than what is nationalism itself.
That is because a nation is predominantly an entity, which could be considered
by its members. These members may share a cultural history, an ancestry, a
language or just a common interest in the welfare of the state. The state (or
nation-state) is a modern political institution, which claims to be the
legitimate force within a territory.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Nationalism is a very
significant concept (Angell cited in Snyder, 1990) and there is not a clear
agreement on the definition of it among the scholars; as a result it is
difficult to have an unmixed answer. According to Kohn (1944), nationalism is characterized
principally by a feeling of a community among a people, based on common
descent, language and religion. Concerned with clan, tribe, village, or
province, people rarely extended their interests nationwide.
on the basis of common ties of descent, religion and language.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Furthermore, Kohn sees nations as
modern, dating back to the mid-eighteenth century. His major argument is that
nations are first and foremost the result of history and as such modern nations
have their roots in the distant past. He
states "Nationalism is first and
foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness, which since the French
Revolution has been more and more common to mankind." Nations are
constantly changing, making them exceptionally complex and difficult to define.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>He moreover
states that groups become nationalized by the rise of print capitalism, public
education systems, growth of population, increased influence of the masses, and
new information and propaganda techniques.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>David (1995) discusses
nationalism as the ‘the
principle of nationality’, a principle which he believes can offer a rational
guidance when, as individuals or as citizens, have to respond practically to
some national question. Miller groups these questions of this kind into four
main categories: (i) questions about boundaries, (ii) questions about national
sovereignty, (iii) questions about nationality’s relation to states’ internal
policies, and (iv) questions about the ethical weight that should be assigned
to nationality.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Smith (1986) contrasted
nation against nationalism. Accordingly, there are four core debates, which permeate the study of
nations and nationalism. First among these is the question of how to define the
terms "nation" and "nationalism." Second, scholars argue
about when nations first appeared. Nationalists argue that nations are timeless
phenomena. When a man climbed out of the primordial slime, he immediately set
about creating nations. It should not be surprising that the third major debate
centers on how nations and nationalism developed. If nations are naturally
occurring, then there is little reason to explain the birth of nations. On the
other hand, if one sees nations as constructed, then it is important to be able
to explain why and how nations developed. Finally, many of the original "classic"
texts on nationalism have focused on European nationalism at the expense of
non-western experiences. This has sparked a debate about whether nationalism
developed on its own in places like
or whether it merely spread to non-western countries from
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>McCrone (1998, p. 3)
stated that like most concepts in social sciences, conceptual definitions and
difference are theoretically rooted.
What is emphatic, at that point, is the significance of nationalism as a
conceptual theory that sways practical activity of life. This refers probably
to the co-constitutive relationship between nationalism as theory and practice.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>To a certain extent
nationalism exists in all countries and states, but it does so in many
different forms with a wide range of results.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Modernist theories, such as those
of Gellner, John Breuilly, and Michael Mann, explain the rise of nationalism by
a unique configuration of modern social, political and economic forces.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Walker Connor believes that an
essential ethnic core lies at the heart of most nationalist movements. In his
chapter, he explores the power of ‘homeland psychology’ and links it to the
emergence of several ethno-national movements.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Connor does not shy away from
examining the darker side of homeland psychology by pointing to the many
instances (world wars, wars of liberation, racism and xenophobia) in which
homeland psychology has led to acts of social exclusion and in extreme cases to
ethnic violence. John Hutchinson theory also falls squarely within the
ethno-symbolist framework. He too maintains that nations need an ethnic base to
survive and explore the various ways in which nationalists mobilize ethnic
loyalties in new and innovative ways.
however, is much more positive in his assessment of ethno-national mobilization,
describing the various benefits that result from such struggles.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Historian John Breuilly defends
the modernist position in his chapter on the relationship between the state and
nationalism. For Breuilly, nationalism has very little to do with ethnic
mobilization and everything to do with political mobilization. The rise of the
modern state system provides the institutional context within which an ideology
of nationalism is necessary. Breuilly argues that the process of state
modernization provides an important key to understanding a variety of
historical manifestations of nationalism. In a word, nationalism is a form of
politics. Michael Mann also utilizes a state-centered approach and therefore
falls within the modernist camp as well.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Mann does not concentrate on
nationalism per se but instead investigates what he calls ‘murderous ethnic
cleansing’. For Mann the struggle over political sovereignty is the major
motivating factor pushing those who have control over the state to use violence
against certain ethnic groups. Mann provides an excellent typology with which
to study incidents of nationalist violence, to which he adds a five-stage model
for understanding the history of ethnic cleansing.
Peter Taylor (1989) epitomizes the world as seen by nationalists, at three
levels (approximately the global, national and individual). The world is, for
them, a mosaic of nations, which find harmony when all are free nation states.
Nations themselves are natural units with a cultural homogeneity based on common
ancestry or history, each requiring its own sovereign state on its own
inalienable territory. This standard nationalist thought says more about
nationalism than the immediate goals of any one nationalist group.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Another opposition recurrent in
theory on nations is that between the national and the global (Arnason 1990).
The nation state and national culture, it is often said, are being eroded by,
for instance, global communication, that is, the Internet will dissolve
nations.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Nation states are still here. Yet
few people are skeptical about "globalization" (Cox 1992; Smith
1990), and in a sense there is no reason to be.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Nationalism is 100 percent
global: a world order cannot logically be further globalized. Although
nationalism is often viewed as a kind of natural or primordial form of human
self-identification, most experts on the subject have maintained that nations
and nationalism are a fairly recent phenomenon, despite their call to history
and origins.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Many experts believe, however,
that nationalism has emerged out of the shift from agrarian to industrialized
society. In agrarian society, there was a complex division of labor, with power
located at the top, and an emphasis on informality and intimacy. With
modernity, however, agrarian workers moved to urban centers and a universalized
and impersonal culture replaced that of agrarian culture. Nationalism,
according to these experts, occurs when the modernized people find their roots
in the folk culture of the past, and draw upon the romantic stories of such
past to form the nation. Certainly, 19th century nationalism seems
to reflect this model.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Some thinkers have suggested that
the rise of nationalism is sometimes due to some form of political, social or
economic crisis (whether real or imagined) and generally provides the impetus
for people to respond to nationalistic sentiments.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Conversely, however, dissenting
voices argue that nationalism is not simply a by-product of industrialization
and capitalism, but the very essence of modernity; it is about creating social
cohesion, which then engenders industrialization, societal improvements and
economic progress. In this model, nationalism should be championed as an agent
of emancipation and development for the less advanced and oppressed peoples of
the world. This understanding of nationalism is quite distinct from the view
that nationalism is the root of the violent episodes of balkanization and
genocide, since it advances a modality of nationalism that is not defined by
cultural, ethnic, linguistic or religious identities. Instead, in this civic
model, nationalism – as a central feature of contemporary politics – acts as
the mechanism that mobilizes the masses, and allows them to effectively deal
with the ongoing transition into modernity.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Based on Kohn's account, the
tendency toward nationalism was historically fostered by various technological,
cultural, political and economic advances.
Improvement in communications extended the knowledge of people beyond
their village or province.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Through education, people learned
of their common background and tradition and began to identify themselves with
the historical continuity of the nation.
The introduction of national constitutions and the struggle for
political rights gave people the sense of helping to determine their fate as a
nation and of sharing responsibilities for the future well-being of that
nation. At the same time the growth of
trade and industry lays the basis for economic units larger than the
traditional cities or provinces.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>In the
meantime, I will consider the term national identity as the collective and
practical aspect of nationalism that helps people locate themselves within a
society. Nationalism, national identity and nation are essentials and
inseparable and not one is possible to mention without the other.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>During
my analysis, I have come to understand that nationalism is the expression of
the nation, which is an amalgam of political and cultural manners, and national
identity takes the form of ethos and sentiments.
Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;color:red'>i)
Nation: a modern model with ancient heredity.
There were entities in pro-modernist, that were never called
"nations" and while the discourse of nationhood reoccurred, with
modernity the content just to explain the role of modernity in nation concept.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Modernism gave rise
when Perrenialism was challenged. Modernism tended to concentrate upon the
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>political aspects of Nations and
Nationalism.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Mass education, employment and
citizenship are all seen as key factors within a nation, as they are modern
conditions available to all, no longer only available to the elite. Such modern
factors would increase political participation, and in turn help define the
Nation and Nationalism. “Only in a modern society was a high level of political
participation by the masses possible”.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>That Nation as a creation of the
Elite is viewed by Modernists. Unlike Perennialism, the Nation is seen as
divided. Different social groups representing religion, gender and class have
different needs, and therefore split off into separate groupings (Smith, 1986).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The emergence of the nation
-according to many scholars’ opinions- varies and this has a direct implication
to national identity. A general typology for the different categories of
theorists of nationalism were given by Smith: A) nationalists who believe that
the nation has always been there, and they remark the remembrance of a glorious
past. B) Perennialists who give credence to the immemorial nation, although for
them some national forms may change; the task, here, is to build an appropriate
submerged past. C) Modernists for whom the past is mainly irrelevant; the
ethnic past has little to do with a modern nation, so it is more useful to look
for the modern conditions, however it is freely accepted to use ethnic
heritages. D) Post-modernists who think that the past is not a simple task; the
nations are modern but there is a mixed tradition from the ethnic past, which
is created mostly by the present. Moreover, he adds that the challenge is to
draw the connection of ethnic past to modern nation more accurately (Smith,
1993, p 3 – 23).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>In elucidating some of the main
categories, Smith argued that there is a high degree of continuity between
certain historical ethnies and modern nations.
He challenges the modernization school's assumption that nations are
entirely modern. While Smith does not argue that nations are modern formations,
he claims that modern nations are based on a longer development than many
scholars are willing to admit. Smith argues that modern nations are based on
much older cultural groups, which he calls ethnie. According to Smith, ethnie
defines the boundaries within which modern nations can be formed. Ethnies are
constructed of "more permanent cultural attributes" such as memory,
value, myth and symbolism. The first half of his book focuses on the
development of ethnie while the second half focuses on the development of
nations from their pre-modern roots. Smith addresses memory to a greater degree
than do most other scholars. “The wave of industrialization also generated
social conflicts in the swollen cities."
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The second category, which is the
concept of Perenialism, Smith argued that nationalism concentrates heavily on
the History of Nations, which are seen as stretching back for centuries.
Nations could therefore be described as ancient and immemorial. The
Perrenialist perspective “regarded national sentiments and consciousness as
fundamental elements of historical phenomena”. Historians specialising in this
theory would recall such events as the activities of past leaders in antiquity
and the medieval era, the decline and rebirth of their nation, and the glorious
future, when highlighting the importance of history within the framework of
nationalism. It saw the Nation as a popular community that reflected the needs
and the ideals of the people, and saw the nation as a seamless whole with “a
single will and character”. Ancestral
ties and culture were of huge importance to the advocates of this theory.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Smith
(1986) highlighted the continuity between modern nations and pre-modern ethnic
communities. Gellner (1983) emphasised the degree to which nationalism is
linked to modernisation, and in particular to the process of
industrialisation. Although, Gellner's
theory suggests that nations came together in response to particular social
conditions and circumstances, it also implies that the national community is
deep-rooted and will be enduring, as a return to pre-modern loyalties and
identities is unthinkable.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The
Marxist historian Hobsbawm (1983) pointed out the degree to which nations are
'invented traditions'. Rather than accepting modern nation has developed out of
long-established ethnic communities, he argued that a belief in historical and
cultural continuity is a myth created by nationalism itself.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>But for Gellner (1983),
he argued that
nations are completely modern constructions borne out of nationalism, which is
"primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and
national unit should be congruent". Nations were the result of pressures
created by the demands of the industrial revolution.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Gellner defines nation as a
sharing of the same culture and artifacts of men's convictions and
loyalties. In the question, "Why
does nationalism arise? Gellner has two macro-theories 1) a theory of history
and modernity 2) a theory of the structure of society.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
on consent (consent is determined by the limited choice no other
possibilities exist. What Gellner means
when he qualifies nationalism as a weak force is that, not all potential
nations or cultures become nation states.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>He sees nationalism as an
ideology and as a feeling felt by individuals. According to him, states and
intellectuals mobilize campaigns of assimilation through public education and
the culture industries. Nationalism occurred in the modern period because
industrial societies, unlike agrarian ones, needed homogenous languages and
cultures in order to work efficiently.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Some scientists, however, say he
should have taken into account political culture, identity and collective action
as well and emphasize less on the materialistic side of nationalism. The
culture of Industrialization was a theory discovered by Ernest Gellner in the 7th
chapter of “Thought and Change”. The idea is that as industrialization spread
over the globe, it had a huge effect upon the spread of Nationalism. As people
left their towns and villages to move into the developing cities, the
traditional social roles held by communities were lost, along with many
lifestyles and beliefs. Peasants in the new cities would often group together
according to their cultural backgrounds and beliefs. The different groups would
then create their own communities, grouped together where they could live
according to their own particular lifestyles, small Nations created through the
spread of Nationalism.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Gellner therefore argued that,
“Nations do not in fact create Nationalism, Rather Nationalist movements define
and create Nations. According to Jusdanis (2001, p. 21) nations are indeed, modern. Forms of ethnic identification have been
recorded since early antiquity (Jusdanis). The pure modernist position implies
that nations emerges from nowhere and have no history. Both of them exist and
integrate under various circumstances each time;
it could be an ethnic identity next to the national one (Horowitz,
1985, P: 52) ; Note: that all pasts are selective that only
usable bits of the past are relied or for naratives of nationhood.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Nations are socially
constructed and though this has validity it is easier to perceive how society
is constructed. There are various elements like language, religion,
institutions, democracy, economy etc. that formulate nowadays society; further,
society is a concoction of civil, ethnicity and state, as Schopflin demarcated
this threefold interactive relationship (Schopflin, 2000, P: 35).
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The
origins of such nations must therefore be traced far back, since their ethnic
features, through ancient traditions.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Gellner
supported that nations are “not a
universal necessity. Neither nations nor states exist at all times and in all
circumstance”; (1983, P:6). In
his latest book, he stated once again, the modernity of nation’s and
nationalism’s identification. Yet, he marked the differentiation for other
social phenomena, like culture and power as perennial, although they can be
related to each other in a new way in the modern age, a way that then brings
forward nationalism (style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1997, P:90-93
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The beginnings of modern
nationalism may be traced back to the disintegration, at the end of the middle
aged of the social order in
cultural unity of the various European states.
The cultural life of
on a common inheritance of ideas and attitudes transmitted in the West through
Latin, the language of the educated classes.
All western Europeans adhered to a common religion, catholic
Christianity. The breakup of feudalism,
the prevailing social and economic system, was accompanied by the development
of larger communities, wider social interrelations and dynasties that fostered
feelings of nationality in order to win support for their role.
countries during the Reformation, when the adoption of either Catholicism or
Protestantism as a national religious became an added force for national
cohesion.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The great turning point in the
history of nationalism in
French Revolution. National feeling in
then had centered in the king. As a
result of the revolution, loyalty to the king was replaced by loyalty to the
country.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The rise of nationalism coincided
generally with the spread of the industrial Revolution, which promoted national
economic development, the growth of a middle class, and popular demand for
representative government. National literature
arose to express common traditions and the common spirit of each people.
of all kinds; for example, new holidays were introduced to commemorate various
events in national history.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>The revolution of 1848 in central
to national consciousness. In that year
both the German and the Italians originated their movements for unification for
the creation of nation-state.
After much political agitation and several wars, an Italian kingdom was
created in 1861 and a German empire in 1871. The events in
between1878 and 1918 were shaped largely by the nationalist aspirations of
these people and their desire to form nation-states independent of the empire
of which they had been participants.
As I try to expand the theory
exploring a transmitted concept from a national to a European identity, one
question became very obvious. Can the national identity “develop into” a
European one? (Maybe there is no need to be "transformed", but as
national identity is a changeable social concept needs to "add" a
European element into its character).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red;layout-grid-mode:line'>It
is a common sense that for a country to enter the EU, it should adjust its
standards to some hegemonic norms. The people – for instance - in East and Central
Europe must have a perplexed notion, as they cognize that they belong
culturally and historically to
although they are not in the European Union.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>It should be mentioned
that the South-East-Central Europe –for many reasons that vary from the
historical to economical point of view had an absent from the situation of
progress and of course, the rest of
couldn’t wait.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>How can the
relationship between the particular national identities and a European identity
be described? A European identity already exists; although, it has to be formed
more accurately.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>It
is arguable that the analysis of the construction of a national identity would
be comparable with the European one. In the same way that each European nation
tried to establish their own identity, maybe the European identity could be
established, without -at the same time- the national identities to be
demolished. The integrity, in the case of the European identity, is that it
could not be shaped by one culture but by the diversity of the European panel.
European identity has to take into consideration the fact that
of national and regional minorities.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>An identity consists of
1) memory (e.g. on war, formation of nations, on national cultures, historical
experiences, political culture), 2) heritages (monuments, memorials etc), 3)
institution (common institutions, for the benefit of the citizens) and 4) a
sense of common future.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>It could be supported
that identity and with its diversity, is manifested on the various levels, such
as local, national level and an international-European level. As a result, the
coexistence of national cultures leads up to perceive European culture as a
multicultural one.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>In
the new world order of super-national entities like the European Union,
national identity and national history appears as just one of many choices, not
the prime choice, possible to explain the past.
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Schuman, one
of the founding fathers of the European Community of Coal and Steel, in 1963
wrote: “Before becoming a military alliance or an economy entity,
sense of the word” (in Myths + Nationhood, Hosking-Schopflin, p. 60).
Naturally, this assertion is contradicted by the patent reality of political
and cultural differences across the continent. Furthermore, as the national
identity is concerned it is arguable that it exists in East and West equally,
yet the interpretation is quite different.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Small counties are an
essential component of Europe…there are small independent states the notion of
a small country is rooted in European history, from the Greek Polis to the
Italian city-states of the Renaissance, and is part of the continent’s
identity…a Europe without small states is impossible to imagine….(it is about the
enlargement)
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Before 1989, Europeans
felt themselves to be part either of the West or of the East, according to
where they lived, but scarcely took the matter any further….(mine: that’s
between nation and Europe: retain the distinctive features of nation within the
European whole..)
adviser to the
government)
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>As it was mentioned
before the foundations of the national identities of every country is based on
a number of considerations including the historical and social experiences of
these countries. A common element in the search for a modern national identity
is the identification of each country with
Besides the problematic position and clarification of what do we mean by
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The expansion of a
national identity (maybe more modern?) to a more European one (or one to be
included in European), has to be found in a combination of historical past, the
experiences of the 20th century, geographical position, ethnic
composition and cultural heritage. The individual identification for each
country with
EXAMPLES OF EACH COUNTRY THAT I
IDENTIFY THEMSELVES WITH EUROPE (IN EACH WAY)
/
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“The Romanian national
identity is closely associated with the feeling of the country being a great
European nation, not because Romanians necessarily see their country as a
future big member state of the
rather because of the resolute identification of Romanian national identity
with European culture”. (Survey of National Identity, Working paper 1998,
europa.eu.int/comm/cdp/working-paper/survey_of_national_identity.pdf. )
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The Czech national
identity is based on a feeling of a historical belonging to mainstream European
developments: “geographically it occupies a central position in Europe and
economically it used to be an integrated and dynamic part of
National identity under the Klaus-regime was deliberately constructed on a
perception that the Czech Republic was more advanced the other CEECs in terms
of macro-economic performance and political stability, ………… (Survey of National
Identity, Working paper 1998,
europa.eu.int/comm/cdp/working-paper/survey_of_national_identity.pdf.-
Dasckalov, Building up ……..).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The Hungarians share
the pathos of the Poles that joining the EU is synonymous with regaining the
country’s (historically) rightful position in
“The general atmosphere in
today does not indicate any deep-rooted opposition to European integration, nor
does there seem to be any conflict between national identity and European
unification. Nevertheless, fears are sometimes expressed about the survival of
the Hungarian language and cultural specificity in view of the strong
harmonising drive of a homogeneous European “super-culture”.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>(Survey of National
Identity, Working paper 1998,
europa.eu.int/comm/cdp/working-paper/survey_of_national_identity.pdf.-
Dasckalov, Building up ……..).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Poles consider
themselves as having always been part of mainstream
and having contributed to its development. In this sense, joining the EU is
seen as a confirma5tion of the European integration could undermine national
sovereignty ………… (Survey of National
Identity, Working paper 1998,
europa.eu.int/comm/cdp/working-paper/survey_of_national_identity.pdf.-
Dasckalov, Building up ……..).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Since independence, as
national identity came to the forefront, a much higher value was attached to
close identification with
identification with the Balkans.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“There is little
prospect of a European ‘super-state’ until each European state surrenders its
control over its military forces and arsenals and its claims to exercise the
monopoly of violence within its own territory, ….
European ‘super-nation’ until the majority of each European nation’s population
becomes infused with a genuinely European consciousness…(Smith, 1991
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“If the shape of the
European project is neither of a ‘super-state’ nor a ‘super-nation’, is it a
new form of political association that is sui generis?
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“New
trans-national corporations …with huge budgets, sophisticated technologies and
the ability to plan long-term strategies over several continents……:P:154
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“While
nations were functional for an industrial world and its technological and
market needs, the growth of the ‘service society’ based on computerized
knowledge and communications systems overleapt national boundaries and
penetrated every corner of the globe. Only continental cultures, ultimately a
single global culture, can fulfil the requirements of a post-industrial
knowledge-based society. P: 155.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>In forming their
national identity, Bulgarians stressed the differences in religion, culture and
tradition in relation to their Ottoman rulers, but the influence of Turkish
Oriental culture left an enduring trace on the Bulgarian culture, in particular
in domestic life, tastes and mental attitudes. (Survey of National Identity,
Working paper 1998, europa.eu.int/comm/cdp/working-paper/survey_of_national_identity.pdf.-
Dasckalov, Building up ……..).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>Besides there is the
vital question that when it comes in countries like
European integration is premature? As there is a limited experience of national
independence consequently, there are some difficulties.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>It is easy to blame
Communism for everything, when looking into the Central and East European
countries. Besides we cannot take democracy as a common memory for
countries need more decentralisation and administrative reform, and maybe some
work on the political parties. (The survey of national identity, European
Commission - from the internet p.18…. says about the specific problems in
politics and society in CE Europe.).
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>If there is a clear
national consciousness then could come to the level of “good Europeans”.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>CONCEPT: THAT TO BE A
EUROPEAN, EACH INDIVITUAL NATION HAS TO BE RECOGNISED IN THE whole-----to be
INTERNATIONAL, you have to recognize NATIONAL
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>The question of
national identity is expected to have crucial role in the eastward enlargement
of the EU. (if national identity has the characteristic of distinction from the
others then European identity something similar….)
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>MINE: maybe national
identity exists only in Europe, not in
or
not in other continent, because of the specific historical circumstances that
European nations had.
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>“The first war
destroyed old Empires and brought new states into existence. The second war
created no new states and destroyed only
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style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Bibliography
style='font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
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