Introduction
Abstract
A greater understanding of the nosocomial rate of laryngoscopy procedures in hospitals is a fundamental thrust of this paper. The study shall be acquiring information from medical doctors regarding their infection prevention control in their respective hospitals. This way the findings as well as the conclusion of this research could be considered as competent to formulate recommendations for the courses of action that would thwart any outbreak of nosocomial infections in hospitals. The study will use the descriptive approach utilizing a combination of cluster and random sampling in order to collect all the data needed in the study.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM:
The classifications of microorganisms and location of nosocomial infection vary in full-grown individuals. Urinary tract infections are the practically communal class of nosocomial infection in adult shut-ins. Nosocomial conveyance of pathogens transpires by three principal trajectories. These includes contact, droplet, and airborne. Transmission through contraction or direct physical handling may take place by either categorical touching or circuitous contact through an inorganic commodity. Agents disperse by way of particle transmission include influenza virus, Neisseria meningitidis, group A Streptococcus, adenovirus, and B pertussis. Exceptional atmosphere treatment and air-conditioning are not obligatory to forestall droplet transmission on account of droplets do not prevail on being pendent in the atmosphere for perpetuated duration. Varicella-zoster virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Measles virus are dispersed through in-flight transmission. By virtue of organisms hauled by airborne conveyance may blanket attenuated horizons and tarry suspended in atmosphere for extended terms, thus remarkable circulation of air and air administration are obligatory. (Krilov and Harkness, 1993)
This study will focus on the rate of nosocomial infection on those who have undergone laryngoscopy. Particularly we shall be looking into the posibility of transmission of pathogens through the laryngoscopes used in the hospital. Thus, the focus of this study is nosocomial trajectories of contact and droplet.
Statement of research question
The study intends to investigate the nosocomial rate of infection patients who have undergone laryngoscopy. Specifically the study intends to answer the following questions:
1. What are the characteristics of the patients who have undergone the process of laryngoscopy?
2. What are the methods used to prevent nosocomial infection in the hospital?
3. What are the prevention measures used by doctors in order to prevent nosocomial infection in the hospital?
4. How does the doctors react if an outbreak of nosocomial infection in the hospital?
5. What is the rate of nosocomial infection in the respondents hospitals?
Hypothesis
The study intends to test the following null hypothesis:
"The nosocomial rate of the patients that have undergone laryngoscopy is directly related to their system of laryngoscope use."
Literature Review
This section will provide a description on how this current study will fit with the existing literature and studies. In Taiwan
Evans et al (2003) regarding the comparison of the forces exerted during laryngoscopy using disposable and non-disposable laryngoscope blades makes another study. The consideration that reusable apparatus may be an origin of nosocomial infection has provoked the heightened operation of disposable laryngoscope blades. Enas et al (2003) organized an investigation inspecting the interval of laryngoscopy and the zenith force procreated applying different laryngoscope blades. Five blades were considered: one reusable Macintosh 3 blade, one disposable alloy edge and three synthetic disposable blades. Sixty anaesthetists carried out a laryngoscopy on a simulated person utilizing per unit of the five blades bequeathed in a fortuitous sequence. The inquiry determined that the use of synthetic blades figures dually in larger zenith force and term of laryngoscopy.
Similarly, Bazin and company (1999) evaluated the device used for preventing blade contamination of laryngoscopes. The bacteriological perusal of the sheathings prior to the operation presented a satisfactory level of contamination. The sheath was a capable obstruction opposing the poliovirus, completely following the 12-hour immersion. Medically, the cover was effortlessly suited across the blade of the laryngoscope in 98% of the cases. Entrance in the oral cavity was adjudged as effortless in 94% of the patients. The visualization was good or excellent in 83% of the cases and in 16% of the patients, the users experienced troublesome situations to intubate.
Another study was conducted to analyze the susceptibility of medical tools as a medium for nosocomial infection. Stethoscopes are considered as an indispensable contrivance of the medical occupation and are capable of befitting sources of nosocomial infection. A study indicated a elevated conveyance of methicillin repellent staphylococcus (69.76%) and multi-drug defiant Gram negative bacilli (20.93%) on repeatedly utilized stethoscopes. The antibiogram of the bacterial isolates immovably insinuated these to be nosocomial extractions. A oral examination disclosed that customary depuration is not customary among doctors. A policy concerning ablution of stethoscopes with a competent antitoxin may be advantageous in curtailing hospital-associated strains. (Sengupta et al, 2000)
METHODS
Design of study
Design of study
Research requires an organized data gathering in order to pinpoint the research philosophies and theories that will be included in the research, the methodology of the research and the instruments of data interpretation. In this study, the Research Process "Onion" will be utilized so that the findings of the study can be thoroughly established. The inner part of the onion describes the methodology portion whereas the outer part discusses the strategies that can be utilized in interpreting the results of the findings.
The descriptive research method uses observation and surveys. In this method, it is possible that the study would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses. Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and especially infer causations. Thus, this study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research will utilize observations in the study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) will guide the researcher when he stated: Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. The researcher opted to use this kind of research considering the desire of the researcher to obtain first hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and recommendations for the study.
The research described in this document is partly based on quantitative research methods. This permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This allows investigation of important new issues and questions as they arise, and allows the investigators to drop unproductive areas of research from the original research plan.
This study also employs qualitative research method, since this research intends to find and build theories that would explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. These qualitative elements does not have standard measures, rather they are behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
Furthermore, as we define the qualitative research it is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Accordingly, qualitative researchers deploy a wide range of interconnected methods, hoping always to get a better fix on the subject matter at hand.
Subjects
The respondents shall compose of doctors in three respondent hospitals numbering ten (10) per hospital, thus totaling thirty (30) respondents
Human subjects procedures and protection.
The study will employ a combination of cluster and random sampling in order to collect all the data needed in the study. The population will include medical doctors in three different hospitals. For convenience, the researcher shall seek the help of the respondent hospitals' human resource department to ask for names of perceptive respondents.
Instruments/interventions
The researcher shall use a combination of cluster and random sampling. First, a self-administered questionnaire, containing 18 to 20 questions and to be filled out by the students with information regarding their slang use shall be formulated. Ideally, the respondents will grade each statement in the survey-questionnaire using a Likert scale, with a five-response scale wherein respondents will be given five response choices.
The equivalent weights for the answers will be:
Range Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
3.50 – 4.00 Agree
2.50 – 3.49 Uncertain
1.50 – 2.49 Disagree
0.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree
For validation purposes, the researcher will initially submit a sample of the set of survey questionnaires and after approval; the survey will be conducted to five respondents. After the questions were answered, the researcher will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument. The researcher will again examine the content of the interview questions to find out the reliability of the instrument. The researchers will exclude irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, to much simpler terms.
Data collection procedures
The researcher will exclude the five respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument. The researcher will also tally, score and tabulate all the responses in the provided interview questions. Moreover, the interview shall be using a structured interview. It shall consist of a list of specific questions and the interviewer does not deviate from the list or inject any extra remarks into the interview process. The interviewer may encourage the interviewee to clarify vague statements or to further elaborate on brief comments. Otherwise, the interviewer attempts to be objective and tries not to influence the interviewer's statements. The interviewer does not share his/her own beliefs and opinions. The structured interview is mostly a "question and answer" session.
Data analysis plan
When all the survey questionnaire will have been collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyse all the data.
The statistical formulae to be used in the survey questionnaire will be the following:
1. Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire.
n
% = -------- x 100 ; n – number of responses
N N – total number of respondents
2. Weighted Mean
f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + f4x4 + f5x5
x = --------------------------------------------- ;
xt
where: f – weight given to each response
x – number of responses
xt – total number of responses
The researcher will be assisted by the SPSS in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study.
Summary statement
For this study, primary research and secondary research will be used. Primary research will be conducted using anonymous questionnaires that will be sent to medical doctors. The questionnaires will be used to collect quantitative data and the interviews will be used to provide qualitative insights into the data collected.
The data will be analyzed and compiled for the correlation of the hypothesis. The data will then be presented by means of graphical representations and illustration and the difference would be highlighted. A negative correlation between the variables would suggest that the hypothesis is null, that is, the nosocomial rate of the patients that have undergone laryngoscopy is directly related to their system of laryngoscope use.
References:
Bazin JE; Sifreu A; Traore O; Laveran H; Schoeffler P. (1999) Laryngoscope. Evaluation of a device for preventing blade contamination. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim Vol. 18 No. 5
Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks , California
Evans A; Vaughan RS; Hall JE; Mecklenburgh J; Wilkes AR. (2003) A comparison of the forces exerted during laryngoscopy using disposable and non-disposable laryngoscope blades. Anaesthesia. Vol. 58 No. 9.
Hsueh, Po-Ren et al. (2002) Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Pathogens Causing Nosocomial Infections at a University Hospital in Taiwan
Krilov LR, Harkness SH. (1993) Inactivation of respiratory syncytial virus by detergents and disinfectants. Pediatric Infection Discussion Journal Vol. 12 p. 582-584.
Sengupta S; Sirkar A; Shivananda PG. (2000) Stethoscope and nosocomial infections. Indian J Pediatr Vol. 67 No. 3.
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